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Stephen Andrada astronomical Videos

For Esteban Andrada

always thought that music is the perfect complement to the images of the night sky.

why I started watching the images and the music had, by binding the best possible way. Although he had previously done projects, because I love movies, no one ever did astronomy video.


Some of the videos have pictures I took with my camera and my telescope, but obviously does not compare to the shocking images of the sky taken by the best equipment, observatories and space telescopes. That led me

to make more videos. Some contain my photos, and others are images file.

Then select music, and some simple effects. Hope you like it.

Recommendation: change the video settings panel playback 360p to 480p.

Videos:

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Nave paper Reliant (Star Trek)

Daniel Mendicini again has revived a paper ship: I touch now the turn of the USS Reliant. Very detailed, and now added color.

The ship shooting at the Reliant Enterprise, both made by Daniel Mendicini

A bit of history

is the year 2285. After 5-year mission, the now Admiral Kirk is dedicated to the preparation of cadets.

Meanwhile the USS Reliant, in their quest for a world fit for testing the Genesis device (which can give life to a planet), is accidentally killed a planet Noonieng Khan Singh, deposed dictator of the twentieth century Earth , an old enemy of James T. Kirk which, taking the Reliant in his hands, decides to take revenge on Kirk who blames all his troubles after being banished by him to this planet. However

the sacrifice of Mr. Spock able to thwart his attempts to revenge, self-immolation to detonate the device aboard the Reliant Genesis in a last attempt to destroy the Enterprise.

Images:

A .... enjoy

Looking

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Do not give up

not give up, there's still time
of reach and start over, OK
your shadows,
Bury your fears, Free
ballast,
Resume flight.

not give up that life is that,
continue the journey,
Pursue your dreams, Unlock
time
Running the rubble,
and uncover the sky.

not give up, please do not give in,
Although the cold burn, bite
Although fear,
Although the sun goes down, shut
And the wind
There is still fire in your soul
There is still life in your dreams.

Because life is yours and yours also the desire
Because you wanted to and because I love
Because there is wine and love, is true.
Because there is no cure wounds that time.

Open the doors,
Remove the bolts,
Leaving the walls to protect you,
live life and accept the challenge,
Lost laughter,
Rehearsing a song,
guard down and extend the hands
wings Expand E
try again,
Celebrate life and return to heaven.

not give up, please do not give in,
Although the cold burn, bite
Although fear,
Although the sun goes down and shut the wind
There's still fire in your soul,
There is still life in your dreams
Because every day is a new start
Because this is the time and the best time.
Because you are not alone, because I love you. Mario Benedetti

not give up

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South America from Mars

internet as always, I found a very nice image of Earth photographed from Mars ....

Artistic Vision of Mars Global Surveyor with Mars.

was taken by the Mars Global Surveyor in 2003.


America Looks great, with the Earth in phase, and almost at the maximum elongation , taking as central to the planet Mars!.

Left photo from Mars. Right, simulation of the vision of our planet.

chose that moment to photograph our planet as the Earth was highest on the Martian horizon.

Here on Earth, we do the same to better see the inner planets Venus and Mercury.

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That depends on the theoretical resolution?

Long ago, when we visited with a group of astronomy students at the IAR (Argentine Institute for Radio Astronomy), many were surprised that the main telescope 30 meters in diameter rarely came to be defined (in resolve astronomical language) the apparent diameter of the Moon.

One of the IAR twin antennas 30 meters in diameter.

Not that resolution only depends on the diameter of the telescope?

As can be such a monstrous antenna can only see that?

The point is that there is one detail: it also depends on the "color" (wavelength or lambda, λ-) that are observing.

Normally when solving questions that have a telescope, is in the eye, so use a simplified formula

seconds Resolution arc (") = 11.4 / diameter (cm),

But the real formula is:

Resolution = 206,205 * λ / diameter of the telescope.

Of course, in the same units. This value is also known as the Dawes limit .

see, if we replace by values \u200b\u200bof the telescope (that is sensitive to λ = 21 cm.)

Resolution = 206 265 * 0.21 m. / 30 m. = 1443 = 24 minutes of arc.

Since the Moon has an apparent diameter of 30 arc minutes ....

On the left, looks like the moon with a telescope of 10 cm in diameter. On the left, simulation on how the "see" the 30-meter radio telescope.

How perfect must be the telescope?

A mirror or antenna must have a minimum quality to the telescope reaches its maximum capacity to resolve detail.

This happens when the maximum irregularity with reference to the perfect curve is less than

λ / 8

In an optical telescope, which sees on average in yellow (λ = 0.56 thousandths of a millimeter) maximum resolution is reached when irregularities of the mirror is less than 0.56

microns / 8 = 0.07 microns.

The telescope you use must have unfailingly superior quality to 7 hundred thousandths of a millimeter to look good !!!!.

To have a better idea of \u200b\u200bhow little the value, if a mirror of 10 cm. enlarges to 10 kilometers in diameter, the irregularities to the widening to 7 mm .....

An astronomical mirror side. The top is a parable that reflects light. Larger surface irregularities. If these are smaller than 0.07 microns, the mirror is considered perfect.

When I think of this, I take my hat off to the builders of telescopes!

The radio telescope that detected λ = 21 cm, the parable must be better than about 3 cm. For this reason these devices can sometimes use a metallic fabric, that radio waves are like a perfect mirror.

The central part of the antenna is solid, in contrast to the edges is of metal. For radio waves of 21 cm. is as solid as the center.

Radio telescopes often have the internal antenna with full coverage, because it is used for shorter wavelengths, where the tissue is no longer effective.

As images are taken with telescopes so good then?

radioastronomers Poque use a "trap" called interferometer.

placing two antennas facing the same object at the same time, you can analyze the signal and reconstruct the image with the definition of the separation of the antennas. There

the Very Large Interferometer (VLI) and the VLA in New Mexico. Are 27 antennas that extend for 30 km.

VLA.

also exist VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometer) that are two or more radio telescopes, each in a different country or continent.

Look at what can be done with interferometers ....

The galaxy M51, where you see the spiral structure and the resolution of a few arc seconds ....

not be used in visual?

If in fact being used. The main telescope in the world in Chile, Cerro Paranal, four telescopes that can operate separately or together as an interferometer.

The four telescopes at Paranal are connected underground, which combines the light beams of the four, reaching the maximum resolution.

are four telescopes of 8.2 meters in diameter that can spread to 200 meters, so it reaches the theoretical resolution sufficient to see an astronaut on the moon !

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is the moon so big? Latest

is common to find book reviews as "the moon is compared to Earth, very big."

Earth and the Moon photographed from Mars by the Mars Global Surveyor. Shows the actual sizes of both.

In fact, if you look at books in the 80's, when Pluto was not even classified as "dwarf planet", and the less they know their actual size, it was said that a percentage of the diameter of our Moon was the largest in the Solar System compared to Earth.

often even be said that the Earth is a double planet.

it really that big comparatively?


If you look below the table and the graph shows the percentage diameter larger satellite with respect to their planet.

Note that the Earth and Pluto outweigh the percentage of the other planets.

Consider one by one.

Mercury and Venus:
not have satellites. It is likely that in both cases, if you had it, the attraction of the sun's been removed because they are closest to our star. The

Earth, Mars and Pluto are special cases.

The origin of our moon is different from the other planets, notably the giant of the Solar System. The

Mars are very small and are probably captured asteroids.

now know that Pluto is a special case, since it belongs to the family of dwarf planets. " Several satellites appear to be big for them.

And the giant planets?

There seems to be in the solar system (including the Sun-Jupiter system and some asteroids known), a ratio greater than 10%.

The origin of satellites of the giant planets was similar to the Solar System's formation , by a process of accretion.

This makes the average diameter of the satellites about their planet is in the order of 5% of the diameter of the planet.

This is not to take it as a law, just looking at the numbers I realized this done.

Moon as seen now, left as it would if it were 5% of the size, right.

If the moon was in the relationship size of the giant planets, would not exceed 600 kilometers in diameter!

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photos taken by Kaguya lunar

The super successful Kaguya mission of the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA), completed down to a height of 50 km above the lunar surface on February 1, 2009.

subsequently

April 16, 2009 fell even more, to an orbit that took 10 to 30 km (impossible to achieve on Earth, as it will burn in the atmosphere).

Finally, it did crash into the Moon in a controlled manner, on June 10, 2009. This video shows the sequence 3D final approach. Crashed near the southeast edge lunar visible side.

Final details of the lunar surface are no more than a few meters ....

And from Earth?

Below the video, a photo sequence taken from Earth impact by Jeremy Bailey and his colleague Steve Lee using the Anglo-Australian telescope 3.9 meters in New South Wales.

In the second box, the red arrow represents the orbit of the spacecraft.

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This well-known face of the Moon , photographed by the Clementine spacecraft.

has enormous number of craters, dark areas (seas and oceans) and bright (continents or highlands).

Below, the image is known as dark side which, without the existence of the spacecraft would not know what it is.

Look at the two pictures: Notice the difference?

visible side contains most of the seas (32% of the surface), while it has almost nothing hidden (8%).

Why?


response would be useful first to read something about the origin of the seas .

see, the moon was at its formation a thin crust of very dense material, called anorthosite, which is light in color, and gives coloration to our satellite.

anorthosite brought from the Moon during the Apollo missions. Below

anorthosite layer, was a sea of \u200b\u200bmolten basalt darker, and higher density. (In the diagram below is the mantle)

For some reason, still not very clear, anorthosite crust was thinner on the near side (60 km) than in the invisible (over 100 km).

As the seas are formed by asteroid collision, which fell on the near side came more easily to cross the cortex, while those of the dark side did not. Thus, it is this difference between the two sides moles.

Why the difference in thickness?

There are several theories to explain this difference. Some argue that the origin of the Moon , which according to most accepted idea was due to collision with a body diameter of the planet Mars, the Moon was to arise the difference of course, augmented by terrestrial attraction.

Others think that the attraction of Earth tides in the fluid was Luna, which ended in making the crust is so different in thickness.

Certainly the latter is the most accepted hypothesis, but there are still things to be resolved, they are not so easily explained.

topographic map with data from the Clementine spacecraft. The blue colors of violets are low-lying areas (Note that the seas are in that color.) The highlands are light colored or reddish. In the image on the right below the area of \u200b\u200bAitken, violet.

What is wrong with the theory of the thickness of the crust?

The simple explanation that the difference between the two sides in terms of quantity lunar seas is due to the thickness of the crust, has its drawbacks, since for example there is an area in the region not visible (you can enlarge the map and up in the face not visible, purple) which is very low, implying a thinner crust, and yet contains no Tues

His name is South Pole-Aitken basin (South Pole Aitken basin), and some believe it is the biggest impact zone of the solar system, with nearly 2500 km in diameter and more than 12 km. deep.

Despite being on the face not visible, in certain circumstances the edge of this region can be seen in the southern limb of the Moon from Earth. It is called Montes Leibnitz.

"Small" irregularities seen in the lunar edge are the Montes Leibnitz.

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analyzing astronomical images Mariner 10

The November 3, 1973, Mariner 10 was launched from USA. He subsequently visited the planets Venus and Mercury, the latter reaching 24 March 1974.

Daniel Nave Mendicini paper, but the bottom of Mercury taken by Mariner 10.

The probe made three flybys of Mercury, with the last step on March 16, 1975.

The Mariner 10 was the first spacecraft to visit two planets, and the first to use the effect "wave" gravitational (acceleration using the gravity of a planet), among other things.

commemorative stamp.

But the most important part of the mission was the first shooting nearly 40% of the area Mercury in a grand total of 6000 photographs. Professor Daniel

Mendicini again built in honor of this ship a paper form, which he said "is very simple, I did it in two days ...." Watch and enjoy

:

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Paper Moon

Luna is the name of the satellite of the Earth, and is approximately 1 / 4 the diameter of our planet. It is the fourth satellite in the Solar System in diameter.

As is smaller and is made of materials less dense than Earth, its gravity is only 1 / 6 than ours. Has 1 / 81 the mass of our planet.

His "atmosphere" and surface.

has no atmosphere and its surface is heavily cratered. It is estimated that the visible side is more than 30 thousand craters over 100 meters in diameter. Perhaps the Earth was the same number of craters, but was erased by erosion. Therefore

meteorites generally burned in the atmosphere on the moon go directly to the surface, no matter how large they are. Many millions of years This process makes the lunar soil is so disjointed, it's like a powder called "regolith."

From Apollo 16, you can clearly see the regolith.

can see dark areas on its surface, called seas, although it is known that the Moon has no liquid water. The mare are formed by dry lava flowed for many thousands of millions of years ago when asteroids collided with its surface. The dark side has almost no seas, and there is still a full explanation of it is so.

Their movements

Circulated to our planet every 27.5 days, and complete the period of its phases at 29.5 days; This is the reason that our months are 30 days.

has named several periods, namely:

synodic revolution: is the length of time required for the moon again have a similar position to the sun and Earth. Its duration is 29 d 12 h 44 min. 2.78 s. Also called lunation or lunar month.

Sidereal Revolution: is the length of time it takes the Moon to return to a similar position with respect to the stars. Its duration is 27 d 7 h 43 min 11.5 sec

tropic Revolution: is the time it takes for the moon again have the same celestial longitude. Its duration is 27 d 7 h 43 min 4.7 sec

draconítica Revolution: is the time it takes the Moon to pass two consecutive times for the ascending node. Its duration is 27 d, 5 h 5 min 36 s.

anomalistic revolution: is the interval time between 2 consecutive steps of the Moon perigee. Its duration is 27 d 13 h 18 min 33 sec

As is so close produces tides on our planet, both in the water and on atmosphere. Is primarily responsible, plus the sun, ocean tides on our planet.

visible faces (left) and invisible (right) of the Moon, photographed by the Clementine spacecraft.

currently has a low volcanic activity, but may still be seen LTP (transient lunar phenomena) that are brightening in some areas, caused by exhaust gases.

The Other Side of the Moon was unknown until the Russian spacecraft Lunik III took pictures in 1959. Seven missions visited the moon, Apollo Series, though only six arrived. Occurred between 1969 and 1972, carrying 12 men to the surface. For proof that they actually arrived, you can see here .

The librations

Another interesting issue is that in general, we see only one side of the moon. In fact, the moon appears "pitching" a little side to side and up and down. This motion is called libration, and causes us to see 59% of the lunar surface, more than 50% we should see if this effect did not exist.

There are several causes for the librations. The most significant is that the moon rotates on a consistent basis, and its orbit is not a circle. This is called optical libration , it is caused by point of view, and is not a real change in the movement of the moon.

addition, the Earth rotates, the angle at which the observers see the moon changes slightly. This effect is less than one degree, and is not as important as the optical libration. This is called diurnal libration .

Finally, there is a real, but minor, movements of the moon. Is a few arcminutes. It is called the Physical Libration .

has been discovered by space ships in orbit around existing mass concentrations, called " Mascons ." Are associated with higher density areas a few miles depth. The

moon phases correspond to different times of illumination from the Sun

The origin and future

There several theories, the most accepted origin is that when I first had formed the earth, even fluid, a Mars-sized object hit her, so she took mass to our planet, which is rotating and then formed our Moon. Thus the Earth long ago had a ring.

Court of the moon, developed using physical models and measuring moonquakes.

also explains why the moon appears to have a hundred million years younger than the Solar System and Earth.

Apparently according to the latest space missions, containing solid water in the area of \u200b\u200bthe poles, in the depth of the craters where their location, never gives sunlight

Our satellite is moving away slowly, (about 3 cm per year), so in a few billion years we will lose. Long before we leave to see total solar eclipses , but if you continue to see much longer lunar eclipses.

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Cosmos 1999 - Ship Eagle 1 (paper)

The long memories may recall a British science fiction series, now worship the 70's, in Argentina was called Space 1999.

The ship made by Daniel Mendicini, and the moon in the background, together with Photoshop.

In the series, land-based nuclear waste stored on the moon. For a catastrophic accident, exploit the September 13, 1999, which launches to the moon out of orbit and send it along with the 311 inhabitants of Moonbase Alpha, sailing into outer space without control, losing out ; the Solar System.

Beyond the questionable the issue from the scientific point of view, the series was very good, as always, Daniel Mendicini was dispatched to one of the major vessels of the series: the Eagle 1.

I loved this ship so it was practical, modular, you could assemble and disassemble according to the need of the mission, etc. Enjoy

.........

Incredible

the amount of detail ....