Bite Like Bumps On Arm

space probes Pioneer 10 and 11, which revolutionized the understanding of the distant solar system, with its photographs and studies of the giant planets, in recent years are raising a call incognita the "Pioneer anomaly"

The anomaly refers to the fact that ships seem to be moving in a different way of how they should do or more precisely, they seem to be subject to a slight acceleration whose direction is towards the Sun

The anomaly was detected for the first time by John Anderson in 1980, when data analysis to monitor the spacecraft showed a small acceleration toward the sun, without explanation. (This was first published in 1995, but the main paper appeared in 1998). Since then he has continuously studied by some scientists.

The Pioneer anomaly is one of the mysteries (very few!) Real in contemporary physics, and is a great example of how science is done.

How was the research

The first step - that Anderson and his colleagues took - was to work with the spacecraft data, how fast they traveled (and direction).

then calculated the effects of gravity, of all known Solar System objects (between the sun and asteroids and comets).

measured and calculated values \u200b\u200bfor the Pioneer X and XI. Both spacecraft show the anomaly. Later

calculated the effects of things like radiation pressure and the possible release gas.

So ... It also tried to check if other spacecraft appeared to have undergone a similar anomalous acceleration (The problem is that there is no unambiguous answer, because the ships have known movements - but which can not be a model physical-with effects much larger than the Pioneer anomaly).

Several independent investigations have been carried out, using different methods, etc

In recent years, much effort has been invested in trying to find the raw data of follow up (this has been difficult, because many data tapes were not in place, for example), and the extraction of clean signals (also difficult ... the data was not intended to be tested in this way are very poor , ....

And yet, the anomaly remains ...
inexplicable
There is an acceleration of approximately 9 x 10 - ¹ º m / s ², at the Sun This is about 10 ; km / h per century. It is 100 billion times weaker than the acceleration of gravity on our planet.

diagram where they are at this time the Pioneer spacecraft X, XI, Voyager 1 and 2. Even though the Pioneer head to places almost opposite the solar system, the fault is measurable in both.

The Planetary Society has been funding research into the Pioneer anomaly, and you can see a great summary here . (In English).

There are several possibilities to explain the anomaly.

Some go to a nonexistent effect that has to do with the heating of the spacecraft in a non-homogeneous deviate makes up others that are related to a deviation from Einstein's gravity, or the Kuiper Belt slows the ship .....

The reality is that when There are many options to explain something, not much is known of the subject ...

some versions have come out lately that the anomaly corresponds to the disintegration of atoms of atomic reactor, which accounts for about a third of the effect, or another that says that the only thing that happens is that the ship is in contact with the magnetic and electric field of the solar system, but nothing is definite yet.

will have to wait. Maybe not is nothing, or maybe we're on the verge of something that will revolutionize modern physics.

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analyzing astronomical images 5

evening is a warm, cloudless sky, reddish near horizon. Begin to see the first stars.

Above the lunar night ...

The moon, just rising, is drawn as a sickle over the western horizon with a faint glow in the dark.

start thinking about your partner, a romantic dinner ....

But ... a moment!!

How is it that is illuminated the night of the Moon? From where comes that light? and worse, because during the Fourth and not seen?.

Venus at any time does not show a glow similar to our moon.

If you plan on Mercury or Venus, for example, each night is black .... because the Moon?

things by name.

That night glow of the moon is called "Earthshine ."

The answer:

First we have to imagine how they are things located in the solar system, with the stars involved.

If there is light, the Sun must be included. The moon obviously too. As our planet revolves around, we also added to the Earth.

For further clarification, note the phases of the moon .

Diagram of the Earth - Moon and the Sun, shining from the left. The green line running through the moon is half of the Moon seen from Earth, which is marked "1."

As you see in the diagram above, the sun can not be, because it is the other side. Unable to shine directly on the lunar night.

only thing is the night side of the Moon is the Earth.

it should be .... and yes it is!

The blue arrows are the sunlight reflected by Earth.

light is reflected from our planet!
This value (the reflection of light by a body) is called albedo .
In the same way the moon lights up the night when the full Earth (Earth from the moon now looks like full!), Earth to the Moon also reflects sunlight, but much more because it is larger and its albedo is higher too.

And when in the room?

Sunlight can be reflected no more than 90 degrees, so that it can not illuminate beyond when the Moon is in fourth, and even so, the moon is so bright that by contrast, no Earthshine would be.

came your partner ... I was thinking? Ahhh! Where the phone to order pizza?

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Postage

After seeing the unique item Santiago Paolantonio on postage stamps in Argentina related to astronomy, I took a turn for the Stamps section of Correo Argentino, and found some of them. Very well printed, some really big size.

Note the size of the stamp on my hand.

There are some meteor Chaco Observatory, but only got the you see below ...... The others are bringing in a moment that sounded like "between now and five years may bring them ...."

Commemorative International Year of Astronomy 2009

Of Some observatories in Argentina.